At a time when Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier were just starting their careers, Wyndham Lewis and Roger Fry formulated rival utopias, to be achieved through an architecture and design-driven mass modernism. Far from a lagging branch of the modern movement, architecture and design instigated one of the defining divides in British literary modernism. While the city has been at the center of literary modernist studies through such influential formulations as Raymond Williams’s “metropolitan forms of perception,” the influence of architectural modernism has received comparatively little attention. Twenty-one percent of cases were classified as a “white zone”, meaning that all criteria of DA were met sixty percent of cases were classified as a “black zone”, where at least one criterion was not met and nineteen percent of cases were classified as a “grey zone”, where we could not determine whether all criteria had been met or not. The criteria omitted most frequently included intentionality (35%), understanding (26%), and voluntariness (25%). We found that only 21% of cases met all three criteria of DA. Then we classified the cases into three categories based on the number of criteria fulfilled. Fifty-two out of sixty-nine cases were evaluated utilizing an interpretative phenomenological analysis and the Four Boxes model to determine whether (i) all cases met the criteria of default autonomy (ii) if not, which criteria were omitted and (iii) what was the most commonly omitted criterion of DA. The presented empirical study aims to assess the ability of Czech medical doctors to meet the concept of DA in ethically dilemmatic cases. It has been established that the concept of default autonomy (DA) should be the basis of the doctor–patient relationship. According to their theory, the following conditions need to be met for action to be truly autonomous: (i) the agent acts intentionally, (ii) with understanding, and (iii) without any controlling influences that determine their action. Beauchamp and Childress proposed a theory of autonomous action that is currently considered the default concept of autonomy in bioethics.
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